[Home ] [Archive]   [ فارسی ]  
:: Main :: About :: Current Issue :: Archive :: Search :: Submit :: Contact ::
Main Menu
Home::
Journal Information::
Articles archive::
For Authors::
For Reviewers::
Registration::
Contact us::
Site Facilities::
::
Search in website

Advanced Search
..
Receive site information
Enter your Email in the following box to receive the site news and information.
..
Indexing




..
:: Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2026) ::
Journalaer 2026, 2(1): 41-50 Back to browse issues page
Morphometry and Karyology of the green toad (Bufotes viridis) in central Iran
Fatemeh Fakharzadeh * , Zahra Ranjbari , Mehran Dorostghoal
Abstract:   (1065 Views)
Introduction: Bufotes viridis is distributed in the western half and central of Iran, but there is not much information about the populations located in central Iran.
Materials & Methods: In the present study, 39 green toads were collected from the spring of 2021 to the spring of 2022 from Najaf Abad and Aran Va Bidgol regions of Isfahan province. 17 morphometric characters were measured and chromosome studies were performed through bone marrow extraction.
Results: The results of the t test showed that there is sexual dimorphism in the studied populations. The results of descriptive statistics for both males and females showed that Aran Bidgol toads are larger in size than Najafabad toads The results of the discriminant analysis show that Aran Bidgol and Najafabad toads are largely distinct from each other. Karyological results of Bufotes viridis from the two regions of Najafabad and Aran and Bidgol specified that these toads have a chromosome set of 2n=22. In the toads of both regions, there were 6 large and 5 small chromosome pairs, and in both regions, 3th and 7th pairs of chromosomes were submetacentric and the rest of them were metacentric. Conclusion: The study of populations of green toads in central Iran and its comparison with the populations of the western half of Iran shows intraspecies differences in terms of chromosomes.
Keywords: Aran Va Bidgol, Green toad, Karyology, Morphometry, Najaf Abad
Full-Text [PDF 1002 kb]   (358 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Review | Subject: Special
References
1. Baloutch, M. and Kami, H.G., 2006. Amphibian of Iran. Tehran University Press, Tehran. 177 p. (In Persian)
2. Anbar, F. and Kami, H.G., 2017. Biometry, habitat and behavior of the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus in Mazandaran Province (Tonekabon County). Journal of Animal Environment. 8(4): 107-116. (In Persian)
3. Frost, Darrel R., 2024. Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.2 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibians of theworld.amnh.org/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. doi.org/10.5531/db.vz. 0001 [DOI]
4. Stöck, M., Günther, R. and Böhme, W., 2001. Bufo viridis group: current status of nominal taxa and unsolved problems (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae). Zoological Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum fur Tierkunde Dresden. 51(18): 253-319.
5. Stöck, M., Frynta, D., Grosse, W.R., Steinlein, C. and Schmid, M., 2001. A review of the distribution of diploid, triploid, and tetraploid green toads (Bufo viridis complex) in Asia, including new data from Iran and Pakistan. Asian Herpetological Research. 9: 77-100. doi: 10.5962/bhl.part.15562 [DOI]
6. Stöck, M., Steinlein, C., Lamatsch, K., Schartl, M. and Schmid, M., 2005. Multiple origins of tetraploid taxa in the Eurasian Bufo viridis subgroup. Genetica. 124(2): 255-272. doi: 10.1007/s10709-005-3085-9 [DOI]
7. Fakharzadeh, F., Darvish, J., Kami, H.G., Ghasemzadeh, F. and Rastegar-Pouyani, E., 2014. New karyological and morphometric data on poorly known B. surdus and B. luristanicus in comparison with data of diploid green toads of the Bufo viridis complex from South of Iran. Asiatic Herpetological Research. 5(3): 168-178. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2014.00168 [DOI]
8. Fakharzadeh, F., Darvish, J., Kami, H.G., Ghassemzadeh, F., Rastegar-Pouyani, E. and Stöck, M., 2015. Discovery of triploidy in Palearctic green toads (Anura: Bufonidae) from Iran with indications for a reproductive system involving diploids and triploids. Zoologischer Anzeiger. 255: 25-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jcz.2015.01.001 [DOI]
9. Fakharzadeh, F., Darvish, J., Kami, H.G., Ghassemzadeh, F. and Rastegar-Pouyani, E., 2018. Karyological investigation of Bufo variabilis (Anura: Bufonidae) populations from northwest and southeast of Iran. Russian Journal of Herpetology: 25(1): 56-60. doi: 10.30906/1026-2296-2018-25-1-56-60 [DOI]
10. Dufresnes, C., Mazepa, G., Jablonski, D., Caliari Oliveira, R., Wenseleers, T., Shabanov, D.A., Auer, M., Ernst, R., Koch, C., Ramírez-Chaves, H.E., Patrick Mulder, K., Simonov, E., Tiutenko A., Kryvokhyzha, D., Louis Wennekes, P., Zinenko, O.I., Korshunov, O.V., Al-Johany, A.M., Peregontsev, E.A., Masroor, R. and Litvinchuk, S., 2019. Fifteen shades of green: The evolution of Bufotes toads revisited. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution: 141:1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106615 [DOI]
11. Fakharzadeh, F. and Hosseinzadeh, M., 2021. Overview of taxonomy and prediction potential distribution of Bufotes sitibundus (Anura: Bufonidae) using environmental factors. Journal of Wildlife and Biodiversity. 5(3): 21-34. https://doi.org/10.22120/jwb.2021.138255.1191 [DOI]
12. Ensabella, F., Loriga, S., Formichetti, P., Isotti, R. and Sorace, A., 2003. Breeding site selection of Bufo viridis in the city of Rome (Italy). Amphibia Reptilia. 24(3): 396-400. doi: 10.1163/156853803322440853 [DOI]
13. Katzmann, S., Waringer-Löschenkohl, A. and Waringer, J.A., 2003. Effects of inter- and intraspecific competition on growth and development of Bufo viridis and Bufo bufo tadpoles. Limnologica. 33(2): 122-130. doi: 10.1016/S0075.9511(03)80041-5 [DOI]
14. Kaczmarski, M., Szala, K. and Kloskowski, J., 2019. Early onset of breeding season in the green toad Bufotes viridis in western Poland. Herpetozoa. 32(1): 109-112. doi: 10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35825 [DOI]
15. Sistani, A., Burgstaller, S., Gollmann, G. and Landler, L., 2021. The European green toad, Bufotes viridis, in Donaufeld (Vienna, Austria): status and size of the population. Herpetozoa. 34: 259-264. doi: 10.3897/herpetozoa.34.e75578 [DOI]
16. Kovács, É.H. and Sas, I., 2010. Aspects of breeding activity of Bufo viridis in an urban habitat: a case study in Oradea, Romania. Biharean Biologist. 4(1): 73-77. E-ISSN: 2065-1155
17. Zawadzki, M., Flesch, A. and Kaczmarski, M., 2017. New breeding site of the green toad Bufotes viridis Laurenti, 1768 in the downtown of Poznań. Przegląd Przyrodniczy. 28: 113-118. (In Polish)
18. Vargová, V., ˇCerepová, V., Balogová, M. and Uhrin, M., 2023. Calling activity of urban and rural populations of green toads Bufotes viridis is affected by environmental factors. North-Western Journal of Zoology. 19: 46-50
19. Vargová, V., Balogová, M., Pristašová, P., Kaňuch, P. and Uhrin, M., 2024. Spatiotemporal dynamics in the roosting ecology of the green toad: implications for urban planning and nature conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation. 77: 126543.
20. Fakharzadeh, F. and Horobi, S., 2024. Cytogenetic study of two species Pelophylax ridibundus and Bufotes viridis of Anura in areas of Khuzestan province. Experimental Animal Biology. 13(49): 1-12. doi: 10.30473/eab.2024.69531.1927 (In Persian) [DOI]
21. Jafari, A., 1999. Geographical Encyclopedia of Iran. Volume 3, Gita Shenasy Publications. Tehran. 1392 p. (In Persian)
22. Watters, J.L., Cummings, S.T., Flanagan, R.L. and Siler, C.D., 2016. Review of morphometric measurements used in anuran species descriptions and recommendations for a standardized approach. Zootaxa. 4072(4): 477-495. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4072.4.6 [DOI]
23. Kaliontzopoulou, A., 2011. Geometric morphometrics in herpetology: modern tools for enhancing the study of morphological variation in amphibians and reptiles. Basic and Applied Herpetology. 25: 5-32. doi: 10.11160/bah.11016 [DOI]
24. Babik, W. and Rafinski, J., 2000. Morphometric differentiationof the moor frog (Rana arvalis Nilss.) in Central Europe. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 38(4): 239-247. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2000.384148.x [DOI]
25. Schmid, M., 1978. Chromosome banding in amphibia. Chromosoma. 66(4): 361-388.
26. Levan, A., Fredga, K. and Sandberg, A., 1964. Nomenclature for centromeric position on chromosomes. Hereditas. 52(2): 201-220. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x [DOI]
27. Kuo, C.Y., Lin, Y.T. and Lin, Y.S., 2009. Sexual size and shape dimorphism in an agamid lizard, Japalura swinhonis (Squamata: Lacertilia: Agamidae). Zoological Research. 48(3): 351-361.
28. Seydi Avandi, F. and Fakharzadeh, F., 2018. Biosystematic study of Bufotes variabilis (Pallas, 1769) populations from East and North east of Khuzestan province based on morphometric and karyotype data. Experimental Animal Biology. 8(1): 99-109. https://doi. org/10.30473/eab.2019.5985 (In Persian) [DOI]
29. Fakharzadeh, F. and Sharbaf, S., 2020. Investigation of morphometric changes in populations of Bufotes sitibundus (Pallas, 1771) in Khuzestan Province. 7th National Congress of Biology and Natural Sciences of Iran. (In Persian)
30. Hezaveh, N., Ghasemzadeh, F. and Darvish, J., 2007. Biosystematic study (morphology, karyology and morphometry of anuran amphibia in MarkazyProvince. Iranian Journal of Biology. 20(4): 458-467. (In Persian)
31. Najibzadeh, M. and Okhovat, S., 2022. Investigation of demographic structure and Sexual dimorphism in Lorestan toad (Bufotes luristanicus, Schmidt, 1952). Biodiversity and Animal Taxonomy. 1(1): 30-39. doi: 10.22126/jbat.2022.2083 (In Persian) [DOI]
32. Najibzadeh, M., Pesarakloo, A., Gharzi, A., Rastegar Pouyani, N. and Rastegar Pouyani, E., 2018. Investigation of the Morphological Variation in Caucasian Brown Frog (Rana macrocnemis, Boulenger, 1885) in Iran. Taxonomy and Biosystematics. 10(34): 19-38. doi: 10.22108/tbj. 2019.108126.1048 (In Persian) [DOI]
33. Poorjfary, B. and Fakharzadeh, F., 2022. Study of color polymorphism and sexual dimorphism of Pelophylax ridibundus sensulato (Ranidae, Anura) populations in the west and southwest of Kohgiluyeh Va Boyer-Ahmad province. Journal of Animal Environment. 14(2): 147-160. doi: 10.22034/AEJ.2021.279559.2490 (In Persian) [DOI]
34. Shine, R., 1979. Sexual selection and sexual dimorphism in the Amphibia. Copeia. 1979(2): 297-305.
35. Monnet, J.M. and Cherry, M.I., 2002. Sexual size dimorphism in anurans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 269: 2301-2307. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2170 [DOI]
36. Wells, K.D., 2001. The energetics of calling in frogs. In: Anuran Communication. Ryan, M.E., Ed., Smithsonian Press. 45-60.
37. Liao, W.B., Zeng, Y., Zhou, C.Q. and Jehle, R., 2013. Sexual size dimorphism in anurans fails to obey Rensch’s rule. Frontiers in Zoology. doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-10-10 [DOI]
38. Schlippe Justicia, L., Mayer, M., Lorioux-Chevalier, U., Dittrich, C., Rojas, B. and Chouteau, M., 2024. Intraspecific divergence of sexual size dimorphism and reproductive strategies in a polytypic poison frog. Evolutionary Ecology. 38(1-2): 121-129. doi: 10.1007/s10682-023-10280-2 [DOI]
39. Morrison, C. and Hero, J.M., 2003. Geographic variation in life-history characteristics of amphibians: a review. Journal of Animal Ecology. 72(2): 270-279. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00696.x [DOI]
40. Giacoma, C., Zugolaro, C. and Beani, L., 1997. The advertisement call of the green toad (Bufo viridis), consistency, variability and role in mate choice. Herpetologica. 53(4): 454-464.
41. Castellano, S. and Giacoma, C., 1998. Morphological variation of the green toad Bufo viridis, in Italy: a test of causation. Journal of Herpetology. 32(4): 540-550.
42. Zhelev, Z., Mollov, I. and Tsonev, S., 2020. Body size and color polymorphism in Bufotes viridis complex (Anura: Bufonidae) inhabiting two semi-natural areas in Plovdiv City, Bulgaria. North-Western Journal of Zoology. 16(2): 191-196.
43. Ullerich, F.H., 1966. Karyotyp und DNS-Gehalt von Bufobufo, B. viridis B. bufo×B. viridis and B. calamita (Amphibia, Anura). Chromosoma. 18(2): 316-341. doi: 10.1007/bf00326875 [DOI]
44. Bogart, J.P., 1972. Karyotypes. In Blair W.F., (Ed.), Evolution in the Genus Bufo. Austin: University of Texas Press. 171-195.
45. Azevedo, M.F.C., Forest, F., Ramos, P.R. and Jim, J., 2003. Comparative cytogenetic studies of Bufo ictericus, B. paracnemis (Amphibia, Anura) and an intermediate form in sympatry. Genetics and Molecular Biology. 26(3): 289-294.
46. Al-Shehri, A.H. and Al-Saleh A.A., 2008. Karyotype of Amphibian in Saudi Arabia. 3. The karyotype of Bufo regularis. Asian Journal of Cell Biology. 3(2): 67-71. doi: 10.3923/ajcb.2008.67.71 [DOI]
47. Borkin, L.J., Shabanov, D.A., Brandler, O.V., Kukushkin, O.V., Litvinchuk, S.N., Mazepa, G.A. and Rozanov, J.M., 2007. A case of natural triploidy in European diploid green toad (Bufo viridis), with some distributional records of diploid and tetraploid toads. Russian Journal of Herpetology. 14(2): 121-132.
48. Darvishzadeh, A., 1990. Geology of Iran, Amirabad Press, Tehran. (In Persian)
Send email to the article author

Add your comments about this article
Your username or Email:

CAPTCHA


XML   Persian Abstract   Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Fakharzadeh F, Ranjbari Z, Dorostghoal M. Morphometry and Karyology of the green toad (Bufotes viridis) in central Iran. , Journalaer. 2026; 2 (1) :41-50
URL: http://journalaer.com/article-1-84-en.html


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Volume 2, Issue 1 (3-2026) Back to browse issues page
پژوهش های محیط زیست جانوری Journal of Animal Environmental Research
Persian site map - English site map - Created in 0.12 seconds with 39 queries by YEKTAWEB 4779